Occasionally, cardiac disease may manifest acutely with extracardiac symptoms. We present a patient case with pulmonary hemorrhage as first manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis which resolved completely after mitral valve surgery. We discuss the pathophysiology and clinical management of this rare manifestation of rheumatic heart disease.
The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have become an integral part of the treatment of patients with high cardiovascular risk or established cardiovascular disease. In the present review, we summarize the available data from pre-clinical and human studies on the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, we discuss the data from clinical trials on the prevention and treatment of heart failure, and we present the recommendation of the most recent international guidelines regarding the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in this context.
